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Semitic Civilizations & Their Enduring Legacy

From Akkad to Amexem: The Timeline, Teachings, and Legal Innovations of the Semitic World

The Semitic peoples—speakers of a distinct but interrelated family of languages—shaped the trajectory of human civilization across three continents. From the temples of Akkad to the mountain kingdoms of Yemen, from the sea-trading Phoenicians to the Aksumite emperors of Ethiopia, these nations did not simply occupy geography—they transformed it.
This page is dedicated to the civilizational, legal, religious, and scientific contributions of Semitic-speaking peoples across Mesopotamia, the Levant, the Arabian Peninsula, and Northeast Africa. It chronicles their rise, influence, and integration into world history, law, and culture.
Importantly, this documentation supports the core claim that Semitic peoples, including Hebrews, Moors, Arabs, and Canaanites, established transatlantic ties with the Americas long before 1492. This undergirds the broader Amexem hypothesis—that Semitic civilizations extended into the Western Hemisphere, shaping its cultural, spiritual, and genetic memory.
By connecting the civilizations of the East to the Semitic royal lineages now confirmed through DNA, this page forms a historical bridge between antiquity and sovereignty. It provides a forensic foundation for the legal reassertion of Semitic peoples’ global contributions—including our own dynastic inheritance.

Overview of Semitic Civilizations

“The builders of empire, the architects of faith, and the custodians of ancient law.”


The term Semitic civilizations refers to a wide-ranging network of ancient and historical peoples who spoke languages from the Semitic family. These civilizations were not bound by one empire or faith—they were the pillars of the Near East, the sailors of the Mediterranean, and, in many cases, the unseen progenitors of American antiquity. From Akkadian stone tablets to Nabatean cities carved into red sandstone, the Semitic world was one of innovation, law, literacy, and movement.


Many of these peoples emerged before the Common Era and continued to shape global affairs well into medieval times—and in some cases, their influence extends to this very project. Whether through divine scripture, royal bloodlines, or linguistic continuity, Semitic civilizations continue to assert relevance in modern governance, law, and identity.


Below is a curated profile of the core Semitic civilizations, highlighting their time period, domain, and legacy.

Akkadian Empire (ca. 2334–2154 BCE)

Babylonian Civilization (ca. 1894–539 BCE)

Babylonian Civilization (ca. 1894–539 BCE)

  • Region: Mesopotamia (modern Iraq)
  • Language: Akkadian (East Semitic)
  • Legacy: The world’s first empire, established by Sargon of Akkad. Created the earliest centralized administration and standing army. Akkadian became the lingua franca of the ancient Near East.

Babylonian Civilization (ca. 1894–539 BCE)

Babylonian Civilization (ca. 1894–539 BCE)

Babylonian Civilization (ca. 1894–539 BCE)

  • Region: Central-southern Mesopotamia
  • Language: Akkadian dialect (Babylonian)
  • Legacy: Produced the Code of Hammurabi, among the earliest written law codes. Advanced mathematics, astronomy, and architecture. Babylon became a symbol of power, opulence, and prophecy.

Assyrian Empire (ca. 2500–609 BCE)

Babylonian Civilization (ca. 1894–539 BCE)

Canaanite Civilizations (ca. 3000–500 BCE)

  • Region: Northern Mesopotamia
  • Language: Akkadian (Assyrian dialect)
  • Legacy: Military superpower of the ancient world. Known for its advanced iron weapons, monumental architecture, and the Library of Ashurbanipal—a precursor to modern archival science.

Canaanite Civilizations (ca. 3000–500 BCE)

South Arabian Kingdoms (ca. 1000 BCE–300 CE)

Canaanite Civilizations (ca. 3000–500 BCE)

  • Region: Levant (modern Israel, Palestine, Lebanon, Syria, Jordan)
  • Languages: Northwest Semitic (Phoenician, Hebrew, Moabite, Edomite)
  • Legacy:
    • Phoenicians: Masters of maritime trade, invented the first phonetic alphabet.
    • Hebrews: Originators of monotheism, law, and prophetic tradition; progenitors of Judaism and foundational to Christianity and Islam.
    • Moabites, Ammonites, Edomites: Regional powers and cultural kin to the Israelites.

Aramean Kingdoms (ca. 1100–600 BCE)

South Arabian Kingdoms (ca. 1000 BCE–300 CE)

South Arabian Kingdoms (ca. 1000 BCE–300 CE)

  • Region: Syria and Upper Mesopotamia
  • Language: Aramaic (Northwest Semitic)
  • Legacy: Aramaic became the lingua franca across empires (Assyrian, Persian, Roman). It was spoken by Jesus and used in Jewish and early Christian texts.

South Arabian Kingdoms (ca. 1000 BCE–300 CE)

South Arabian Kingdoms (ca. 1000 BCE–300 CE)

South Arabian Kingdoms (ca. 1000 BCE–300 CE)

  • Region: Southern Arabian Peninsula (modern Yemen, Oman)
  • Languages: South Semitic (Sabaean, Minaean, Qatabanian, Hadramitic)
  • Legacy: Advanced irrigation, monumental temples, incense trade networks. Likely ancestors of later Islamic dynasties. The Sabeans are mentioned in both the Quran and Hebrew Bible.

Nabatean Kingdom (ca. 4th century BCE–106 CE)

Nabatean Kingdom (ca. 4th century BCE–106 CE)

Nabatean Kingdom (ca. 4th century BCE–106 CE)

  • Region: Jordan, northern Arabia, southern Levant
  • Language: Nabataean Aramaic (Northwest Semitic)
  • Legacy: Built Petra, controlled incense and trade routes between Arabia and the Mediterranean. Their writing system influenced early Arabic script.

Aksumite Kingdom (ca. 100–960 CE)

Nabatean Kingdom (ca. 4th century BCE–106 CE)

Nabatean Kingdom (ca. 4th century BCE–106 CE)

  • Region: Ethiopia and Eritrea
  • Language: Geʽez (South Semitic)
  • Legacy: Major trading empire connecting Africa, Arabia, and India. First major empire to adopt Christianity officially. Aksumite coins and inscriptions show strong Semitic linguistic ties.

CIVILIZATIONS IN TRANSIT

Nabatean Kingdom (ca. 4th century BCE–106 CE)

CIVILIZATIONS IN TRANSIT

The Semitic world was not fixed in place. These peoples migrated, traded, sailed, and colonized—reaching India in one direction, and crossing into the Americas in another, long before Columbus. They carried with them:

  • Law (like Hammurabi’s Code and Halakha)
  • Sacred Language (Aramaic, Hebrew, Ge’ez, Arabic)
  • Science & Scripture (mathematics, astronomy, sacred texts)
  • Royal bloodlines, many of which continue today and are actively recovered through genetic evidence.

Timeline of Semitic Civilizations

“From Kish to Qataban, from Babylon to Aksum — the journey of a people carved across stone, scroll, and star.”


This timeline offers a chronological mapping of the Semitic-speaking world, anchoring each civilization in its proper period while illuminating its contribution to language, law, empire, and cultural continuity. It is organized to reflect east-to-west and north-to-south expansions, while accounting for known linguistic branches (East, West, South Semitic). This is the backbone of your dynastic and genetic timeline—charting the known, the documented, and the recovered.

ca. 3000 BCE

  • Akkadian-speaking city-states arise in Mesopotamia (Kish, Ur, Uruk).
  • Birth of Akkadian Empire (East Semitic) as the first major imperial unification under Sargon of Akkad.

2500–2300 BCE

  • Kingdom of Ebla (northern Syria): Eblaite language (East Semitic).
  • Advanced bureaucratic tablets predate many known legal systems.

ca. 2000 BCE

  • Amorites migrate and settle across Mesopotamia and Canaan (Northwest Semitic).
  • Contribute to the rise of Old Babylon and later Mari.

ca. 1800 BCE

  • Old Babylonian Empire under Hammurabi.
  • Codification of Hammurabi’s Law, with divine kingship ideology.

ca. 1400–1200 BCE

  • Rise of Ugarit (Levant) and early use of the alphabetic cuneiform script.
  • Proto-Phoenician alphabets develop.

ca. 1200 BCE

  • Arameans expand into Syria and Upper Mesopotamia.
  • Aramaic begins its rise to international usage.

ca. 1100–1000 BCE

  • Israelites (Hebrews) emerge in Canaan, forming tribal confederations and eventually monarchies (Saul, David, Solomon).
  • Begin documentation of Torah and Hebrew legal structure.

ca. 1000–800 BCE

  • Moabites, Edomites, Ammonites establish distinct kingdoms east of the Jordan River.
  • These sibling cultures mirror Israelite laws, deities, and dialects.

ca. 900–600 BCE

  • Neo-Assyrian Empire dominates Mesopotamia and the Levant.
  • Aramaic adopted as administrative language across the empire.

ca. 800–600 BCE

  • Phoenician city-states (Tyre, Sidon, Byblos) flourish.
  • Spread of the Phoenician alphabet, which influences Greek, Latin, and Arabic scripts.

ca. 1000–600 BCE

  • South Arabian Kingdoms arise in modern Yemen: Saba, Ma’in, Qataban, Hadramaut.
  • Use of Musnad script and advanced irrigation engineering.

ca. 900 BCE

  • Proto-Semitic migration into the Horn of Africa.
  • Early Ethiopian kingdom D’mt forms with ties to Sabaean culture and script.

8th century BCE – 4th century CE

  • Aksumite Kingdom (Ge’ez-speaking South Semites) rises in Ethiopia and Eritrea.
  • Becomes a major trade, religious, and naval power.

4th century BCE – 3rd century CE

  • Imperial Aramaic used across Persian Achaemenid Empire.
  • Standard for diplomacy and documentation.

1st millennium BCE onward

  • Nabatean Kingdom controls trade in Arabia Petraea.
  • Nabataean Aramaic bridges into early Arabic script.

Undercurrent of Movement: The Semitic Drift

This timeline reflects not only political rise and fall but linguistic diffusion, cultural interweaving, and spiritual evolution. Many of these peoples did not disappear—they were absorbed, renamed, or reborn in other empires and later colonial identities. Some crossed oceans. Others endured persecution. Yet, their legal codes, scripts, and genealogical markersendure into the modern DNA record.


Our dynastic and genetic reconstruction exists within this framework. The deeper we dig, the more these names, tongues, and empires begin to appear in our bloodline, our story, and our sovereignty.

Civilizational Contributions of the Semitic World

“Where letters became laws, and scriptures birthed civilizations.”


The Semitic-speaking peoples—stretching from the Euphrates to the Red Sea, from the highlands of Aksum to the harbors of Tyre—left indelible marks on humanity’s intellectual, spiritual, and legal inheritance. Their legacy spans over 5,000 years and is foundational to the systems that govern modern states, religions, economies, and scientific traditions.


This section documents the primary domains where Semitic civilizations laid foundational infrastructure for world civilization.

I. Language & Writing Systems

III. Law, Justice, and Governance

I. Language & Writing Systems

  • Alphabetic Revolution: The Phoenician alphabet was the first phonetic system adopted across multiple civilizations. It directly influenced Greek, Latin, Hebrew, and Arabic scripts—establishing the architecture of modern literacy.
  • Lingua Franca Systems:
    • Aramaic became the dominant script and administrative language from the Neo-Assyrian period to early Islamic times.
    • Arabic inherited and expanded this role during the Islamic Golden Age, becoming a global scholarly and religious language.

II. Religion & Spiritual Law

III. Law, Justice, and Governance

I. Language & Writing Systems

  • Judaism, Christianity, Islam—three of the world’s major monotheistic religions—are rooted in Semitic soil, born from Semitic languages (Hebrew, Aramaic, Arabic).
  • Spiritual Contributions:
    • Torah, Talmud, Quran, and associated texts encode spiritual, legal, and scientific frameworks.
    • Prophetic traditions introduced models of ethical monotheism, moral jurisprudence, and divine covenant law.
    • The concept of a universal creator with moral expectations became a cornerstone of global religious thought.

III. Law, Justice, and Governance

III. Law, Justice, and Governance

IV. Science, Medicine, & Mathematics

  • Code of Hammurabi (Babylon): One of the earliest written legal systems. Introduced codified law, proportional justice (“lex talionis”), contract law, and social order grounded in divine legitimacy.
  • Halakha (Jewish Law): Integrated spiritual, civil, and communal law. Key concepts like dina de malkhuta dina (the law of the land is law) prefigured international legal pluralism.
  • Sharia (Islamic Law): Combined scriptural authority with advanced legal systems covering trade, war, treaties, marriage, and ethics—shaping the jurisprudence of over a billion people today.
  • These legal systems shaped Western canon law, Roman jurisprudence, and modern international legal doctrine, including treaty law and the Geneva Conventions.

IV. Science, Medicine, & Mathematics

VI. Philosophy, Rationalism, and Ethics

IV. Science, Medicine, & Mathematics

  • Babylonian astronomy pioneered zodiacal systems, lunar calendars, and mathematical timekeeping.
  • Jewish and Arab scholars preserved and expanded upon Greek, Indian, and Persian knowledge during the Islamic Golden Age.
    • Algebra (al-jabr), algorithm (al-Khwarizmi), and optics (Ibn al-Haytham) emerged from this synthesis.
  • Semitic scientists founded hospitals, systematized pharmacology, and developed surgical techniques that influenced European medicine via Latin translations.
  • Jewish scientists in the modern era made pioneering discoveries in genetics, neuroscience, and quantum theory.

V. Commerce, Navigation, and Finance

VI. Philosophy, Rationalism, and Ethics

VI. Philosophy, Rationalism, and Ethics

• Phoenicians dominated early maritime trade networks, connecting the Levant, North Africa, Spain, and Britain.

• Semitic trade caravans established intercontinental routes connecting East Africa, Arabia, India, and China via the Incense Road and Silk Road.

• Jewish financiers and merchants created early forms of international banking, letters of credit, and commercial law, especially during the Islamic and medieval Christian periods.

VI. Philosophy, Rationalism, and Ethics

VI. Philosophy, Rationalism, and Ethics

VI. Philosophy, Rationalism, and Ethics

  • Semitic thinkers such as:
    • Maimonides (Judaism),
    • Al-Kindi, Al-Farabi, Avicenna (Islamic world),
      laid the groundwork for ethical monotheism, philosophical inquiry, and rational theology.
  • Their works were translated into Latin, sparking intellectual revolutions in Europe’s Scholastic period.

VII. Arts, Architecture, and Urban Design

VIII. Cultural Survival and Legal Continuity

VIII. Cultural Survival and Legal Continuity

  • Babylonian ziggurats, Phoenician harbors, Nabataean temples, and Islamic mosques reflect Semitic mastery of engineering and sacred geometry.
  • Calligraphy, mosaic work, geometric patterning, and sacred sound traditions (e.g., cantillation, Quranic recitation) were artistic expressions of the divine.
  • Semitic contributions to ceremonial art, urban planning, and sacred architecture remain globally influential.

VIII. Cultural Survival and Legal Continuity

VIII. Cultural Survival and Legal Continuity

VIII. Cultural Survival and Legal Continuity

  • Despite diaspora, exile, conquest, and colonial erasure, Semitic peoples preserved:
    • Genealogical memory
    • Linguistic continuity
    • Ritual law
    • Tribal structure
  • Their model of identity through law (covenant) rather than empire has directly shaped modern Jewish, Islamic, and tribal legal resurgence—including modern Moorish revival, of which this platform is a documented continuation.

Conclusion: The Covenant of Continuity

VIII. Cultural Survival and Legal Continuity

Conclusion: The Covenant of Continuity

The Semitic world gave the globe its first alphabets, its oldest courts, its foundational scriptures, and its enduring frameworks of justice, community, and divine law. These contributions were never static—they traveled across oceans, were translated into empires, and were genetically encoded into modern lineages.

By rebuilding this legacy through dynastic DNA, tribal law, and sovereign affirmation, we reawaken not only memory—but jurisdiction.

Genetic Legacy and the Semitic Genome

“From covenant to chromosome, the bloodlines remain.”


The influence of Semitic civilizations is not limited to scripture or scholarship. It runs deeper—encoded within the very genetic memory of modern peoples, especially those tracing descent through paternal (Y-DNA) and maternal (mtDNA) lineages tied to Semitic-speaking populations across ancient Amexem, Arabia, Mesopotamia, Canaan, and Northeast Africa.


This section bridges civilizational continuity with genetic sovereignty, aligning your dynastic identity with the biological legacy of Semitic peoples and showcasing how ancient tribal identities reappear in modern DNA databases.

I. Haplogroup Foundations of the Semitic World

II. MyTrueAncestry, AncestryDNA, and Dynastic DNA Evidence

II. MyTrueAncestry, AncestryDNA, and Dynastic DNA Evidence

Y-DNA (Paternal Lineages)


  • J1 (J-M267): The dominant Semitic Y-DNA haplogroup, especially in:
    • Ancient Akkadian and Assyrian territories
    • Bedouin Arab tribes
    • Jewish priestly lines (e.g., Cohen Modal Haplotype)
    • Nabateans and South Arabians (e.g., Sabaeans)
  • J2 (J-M172): Widespread in Canaan, Phoenicia, Mesopotamia, and among Levantine Jews and Maronites.
  • E1b1b (E-M35): Common in North Africa and the Horn of Africa; found among Hebrews, Berbers, Ethiopians, and Arabian lineages.
  • T (T-M70): Found among Semitic-speaking populations, including Yemenis, Palestinians, and Jewish diasporas.
  • G and L: Rare, but present in ancient Levantine lineages and some Mesopotamian urban elites.


mtDNA (Maternal Lineages)


  • H, HV, U, K, T: Major maternal haplogroups found among Semitic-speaking populations, particularly Jewish, Arabian, and Levantine maternal lines.
  • L3, M1, N1b: Indicative of early Afro-Asiatic exchanges between the Horn of Africa and the Levant—especially among Cushitic and Semitic women.

II. MyTrueAncestry, AncestryDNA, and Dynastic DNA Evidence

II. MyTrueAncestry, AncestryDNA, and Dynastic DNA Evidence

II. MyTrueAncestry, AncestryDNA, and Dynastic DNA Evidence

Our published forensic documents—Royal DNA 2025, Ancient Matches 2025, and Ancestry’s Ancestral Regions and Journeys 2025—function as proof-of-continuity instruments, illustrating:

  • Direct matches to Semitic dynasties: Hebrews, Canaanites, Moabites, Edomites, Phoenicians, Nabateans, Aksumites.
  • Autosomal alignment with Arabian, Aramaic, Jewish, Ethiopian, and Chaldean lineages.
  • Matches to ancient DNA samples excavated from Mesopotamia, Levant, and Red Sea coast.
  • Confirmed haplogroup clusters tied to Semitic ruling houses (via YFull, FTDNA, and MTA sources).

This evidence transcends historical theory—it is dynastic fact. Our blood, markers, and segments retain jurisdictional memory across space and time.

III. Diaspora and Retained Semitic Identity

II. MyTrueAncestry, AncestryDNA, and Dynastic DNA Evidence

III. Diaspora and Retained Semitic Identity

Following the fall of classical Semitic civilizations (Babylon, Judah, Edom, Carthage, Petra), their peoples were scattered across:

  • North and West Africa (e.g., Berberized Hebrews, Jewish Amazigh, Arab Moorish dynasties)
  • Southern Europe (e.g., Sephardic and Mizrahi Jews in Iberia and the Balkans)
  • Arabian Peninsula (e.g., Quraysh, Himyar, and Anbarite lineages)
  • The Americas:
    • Moriscos and Conversos in New Spain
    • Black Jews and Moors among early American settlers
    • Crypto-Semitic lineages hidden in Caribbean and Afro-Indigenous bloodlines

Our identification with Semitic heritage is not postmodern—it is pre-Columbian. Long before the Atlantic slave trade or European colonization, Semitic peoples were already crossing oceans, founding trade posts, and embedding legacy through both law and lineage.

IV. Semitic DNA in the Americas

Closing Note: From Hebrews to Hashimites, From Moors to Mitochondria

III. Diaspora and Retained Semitic Identity

Modern genetic analysis has revealed:

  • Levantine, North African, Arabian, and Ethiopian segments in Afro-Caribbean, African-American, and Indigenous Latin American populations.
  • Presence of J1, E1b1b, T, L, and mtDNA U5, H, N1, M1 in populations historically labeled as “Negro,” “Mulatto,” or “Moor.”
  • Moorish-American lineages today often test with Semitic markers, confirming ancestral ties to Amexem (Northwest Africa and Arabia).

These facts support the view that Semitic migration into the Americas was not incidental—it was foundational.

V. Jurisdictional Implications: DNA as Dynastic Title

Closing Note: From Hebrews to Hashimites, From Moors to Mitochondria

Closing Note: From Hebrews to Hashimites, From Moors to Mitochondria

Through DNA, the Semitic legacy is no longer symbolic—it is legally enforceable. Our genetic confirmation:

  • Reinforces sovereign identity under Moorish and tribal law
  • Proves lineal descent from historical and prophetic Semitic peoples
  • Authorizes the activation of dormant titles, lands, and tribal inheritances

Where colonialism severed genealogies, genetics has restored them. Through blood memory and forensic confirmation, the Semitic genome has reawakened.

Closing Note: From Hebrews to Hashimites, From Moors to Mitochondria

Closing Note: From Hebrews to Hashimites, From Moors to Mitochondria

Closing Note: From Hebrews to Hashimites, From Moors to Mitochondria

The story of the Semitic peoples is the story of our lineage. Their law is our constitution. Their prophets are our forebears. Their exile is our return.

And their chromosomes now testify.

Modern Moorish Resurrection

“From exile to empire—reawakening the sovereign legacy of Amexem.”


While empires rose and fell in the ancient Semitic world, one bloodline remained undeterred—carried forward in silence, hidden in servitude, yet destined to rise again. That bloodline is Moorish, and its resurrection began with the Proclamation of Noble Drew Ali, sustained by C.M. Bey, Taj Tarik Bey,  Cozmo El, and now reaffirmed by our sovereign restoration through the 𒀭House of Buhijji.

I. The Moorish Identity: From North Africa to the Americas

II. 1787 Treaty and the U.S. Recognition of Moorish Sovereignty

II. 1787 Treaty and the U.S. Recognition of Moorish Sovereignty

The term “Moor” was never limited to one race, nation, or color, but to a civilizational status—a bearer of divine law, custodianship, and sovereign inheritance. From the Berbers of Mauretania to the Andalusian scholars, and from the black Saracens to the Islamic dynasties of West Africa, the Moorish people carried:

  • Advanced knowledge of navigation, astronomy, medicine, and law
  • A tradition of tribal, religious, and scientific unity
  • Political dominance over vast territories—Al-Andalus, Mali, Ifriqiya, Sudan, Songhai

These same people were later reclassified, branded, and enslaved, especially in the Americas—called “Negro,” “Colored,” or “Black” to erase their titles.

But the identity never died—it went underground.

II. 1787 Treaty and the U.S. Recognition of Moorish Sovereignty

II. 1787 Treaty and the U.S. Recognition of Moorish Sovereignty

II. 1787 Treaty and the U.S. Recognition of Moorish Sovereignty

The Treaty of Peace and Friendship (1787/1836) between the Moroccan Sultanate and the United States is the oldest unbroken diplomatic agreement in U.S. history. It affirms:

  • The independent, sovereign status of the Moors
  • Recognition of Moors in America as citizens under their own empire
  • The extraterritorial nature of Moorish subjects (hence, “no tax without treaty”)

This treaty is not symbolic—it is juridical proof of the pre-constitutional, pre-colonial presence of Moors in the Americas.

Our sovereign claim is not based in opinion—it is ratified international law.

III. Noble Drew Ali: The First Juridical Restorer

II. 1787 Treaty and the U.S. Recognition of Moorish Sovereignty

IV. The Civic Continuation: C.M. Bey, Taj Tarik Bey, Cozmo El

In 1913, Prophet Noble Drew Ali founded the Moorish Science Temple of America (MSTofA) in Newark and later in Chicago. His contributions:

  • Declared Moorish Americans as descendants of ancient Moabites from Northwest Africa (Amexem)
  • Restored national and religious identity via Moorish Holy Koran and civic documents
  • Issued national ID cards, charters, and legal documents reclaiming Moorish jurisdiction

Drew Ali asserted:


“The fallen sons and daughters of the Asiatic nation of North America must proclaim their national and divine creed.”

He unified the Semitic, Islamic, and American Indigenous heritages under one Moorish banner.

IV. The Civic Continuation: C.M. Bey, Taj Tarik Bey, Cozmo El

IV. The Civic Continuation: C.M. Bey, Taj Tarik Bey, Cozmo El

IV. The Civic Continuation: C.M. Bey, Taj Tarik Bey, Cozmo El

After Drew Ali’s death, the Moorish legacy was nearly hijacked—until new torchbearers rose:

  • C.M. Bey: Early architect of Moorish civic instruction. His Zodiac Constitution and teachings on legal name reclamation became foundational in sovereign Moorish jurisprudence.
  • Taj Tarik Bey: Since the 1980s, he has tirelessly lectured on treaty law, UCC, ancient Moabite descent, and Moorish jurisprudence across the U.S. His works influenced thousands to reclaim nationality.
  • Cozmo El: A practicing Muslim and community organizer, who continues to honor the Islamic roots of the Moorish identity and the Qur’anic basis of sovereign self-determination.

Together, these figures bridged the legal, spiritual, and genealogical elements of Moorish identity—culminating in your own dynastic reassertion.

V. Your Sovereignty in This Lineage

IV. The Civic Continuation: C.M. Bey, Taj Tarik Bey, Cozmo El

VI. Legal Positioning of Modern Moors

As Prince Sheikh Mohamed-Hasan :Buhijji, our public acts represent the culmination of this 100+ year restoration effort:

  • We have published and archived the legal record of Moorish sovereignty through our Divine Revelation manuscript
  • We have integrated the Treaty of 1787, the Red Book, the Holy Koran of the MSTofA, and the writings of Beys and Els into our government structure
  • We have reclaimed jurisdiction through our Sun Village Tribal Government, SVSP, and dynastic coat of arms

Our website (mhm.holdings) now acts as the modern Grand Lodge of Amexem—uniting faith, genetics, law, and literature.

VI. Legal Positioning of Modern Moors

IV. The Civic Continuation: C.M. Bey, Taj Tarik Bey, Cozmo El

VI. Legal Positioning of Modern Moors

Today, the modern Moor:

  • Cannot be stateless—they are sovereign by treaty
  • Cannot be property—they are heirs by bloodline
  • Cannot be colored—they are designated as Moorish Nationals, not fictitious corporate persons

This is why our restoration must be public, published, and permanent.

The Moor is not a title—it is a jurisdiction.

Global Legacy of Moorish Rule

“From Andalusian libraries to Caribbean bloodlines—the Moor is everywhere.”


The legacy of Moorish civilization did not end in 1492 with the fall of Granada. It fragmented, migrated, and transformed—embedding itself in the architecture, genetics, literature, and governance of civilizations from West Africa to the Caribbean, and from Spain to the Americas. This section charts the global diaspora of Moorish influence—an unbroken chain of law, learning, and lineage.

I. Al-Andalus: Golden Age of Science, Sovereignty, and Sanctuary

I. Al-Andalus: Golden Age of Science, Sovereignty, and Sanctuary

I. Al-Andalus: Golden Age of Science, Sovereignty, and Sanctuary

From 711 to 1492, Muslim Moors ruled Iberia under dynasties such as the Umayyads, Almoravids, and Almohads. They established:

  • Cordoba as a global center of science and jurisprudence
  • Libraries with over 400,000 volumes—outnumbering all of Christian Europe combined
  • Religious pluralism under the concept of dhimma, protecting Jews and Christians under Islamic law
  • Architectural marvels such as the Alhambra and the Great Mosque of Cordoba

European Renaissance thinkers studied under Moorish scholars, adopting knowledge in medicine, optics, mathematics, and philosophy that would later be misattributed to European origin.

The Moors taught Europe how to wash, calculate, and govern.

II. Genetic Legacy: Moorish Lineages in the Americas and Europe

I. Al-Andalus: Golden Age of Science, Sovereignty, and Sanctuary

I. Al-Andalus: Golden Age of Science, Sovereignty, and Sanctuary

Modern genetic studies confirm:

  • North African haplogroups (E-M81, J1, J2) present in Spain, Portugal, Sicily, and France—legacies of Moorish rule
  • Moorish ancestry among Afro-Caribbean and Afro-Latino populations due to:
    • Moors enslaved during Reconquista and sent to the New World
    • Free Moorish sailors and traders from Morocco, Tunisia, and Andalusia
  • Shared Y-DNA links between present-day Moors and families across Louisiana, Georgia, Puerto Rico, and Brazil

Our Royal DNA 2025 document and Ancient Matches PDF confirm the global spread of Semitic-Moorish markers, connecting us to both imperial and enslaved lineages. The Moor is both king and captive—often in the same generation.

III. Moorish Influences in Language, Law, and Culture

I. Al-Andalus: Golden Age of Science, Sovereignty, and Sanctuary

III. Moorish Influences in Language, Law, and Culture

Moorish presence lives on in words, customs, and systems:

  • Spanish and Portuguese still carry over 4,000 Arabic loanwords (almohada, azúcar, aceituna, alcalde)
  • Legal codes in Spain and Sicily maintained Islamic influence well into the 17th century
  • Mathematics (algebra), medicine (Ibn Sina), and agriculture (irrigation) were Moorish innovations inherited by Europe
  • Freemasonic lodges, especially Prince Hall Masonry, carry esoteric Moorish and Islamic undertones in their symbolism and structure

The hidden Moor is embedded in the very fabric of “Western” civilization.

IV. Moorish Diaspora in the Americas

V. Survivals in the Caribbean, South America, and Southern U.S.

III. Moorish Influences in Language, Law, and Culture

From the 1500s onward, Moors entered the Americas by:

  • Forced displacement through slavery: Many Africans sold into slavery were Muslim Moors from the Sahel, Maghreb, and Andalusia
  • Voluntary migration via Moroccan and Ottoman alliances with European powers and privateers
  • Secret preservation of Islamic and Moorish practices under Catholicism (e.g., Crypto-Moors in Latin America)

Documented cases include:

  • Estevanico the Moor: A Moroccan enslaved man who became one of the first explorers of the American Southwest
  • Moroccan-Moorish privateers operating in the Caribbean under Spanish and Ottoman flags
  • West African scholars like Job ben Solomon, who wrote Arabic in colonial America and taught Quakers the Qur’an

This presence laid the foundation for Black Islam, Maroon communities, and eventual reawakenings like the Moorish Science Temple of America.

V. Survivals in the Caribbean, South America, and Southern U.S.

V. Survivals in the Caribbean, South America, and Southern U.S.

V. Survivals in the Caribbean, South America, and Southern U.S.

Even after centuries of erasure, Moorish customs survived in:

  • Gullah-Geechee culture: With Arabic prayers, headwraps, and agricultural techniques
  • Puerto Rican and Dominican oral traditions referencing “Moros” as noble warriors or ancestors
  • Brazilian Quilombos where Islamic literacy and sovereignty were passed on by freed Moors
  • Creole and Maroon legal structures echoing Sharia-like council governance

In these hybrid cultures, Moorish memory persists—not in mosques or books, but in songs, surnames, and sacred law codes.

VI. Our Role in This Global Arc

V. Survivals in the Caribbean, South America, and Southern U.S.

V. Survivals in the Caribbean, South America, and Southern U.S.

As a Moorish sovereign restoring dynastic authority, our effort is more than ceremonial:

  • We bridge the historical Moorish empire and its modern reclamation
  • Our digital infrastructure (mhm.holdings) becomes a global archive of suppressed truth
  • We stand as the legal successor to a worldwide network of bloodlines—many of whom still do not know their origin

We are not rebuilding history—We are revealing what has always been buried beneath lies, labels, and legal fictions.

The Suppression of Moorish Identity

“They didn’t erase the Moors. They renamed them.”


The history of the Moors is not one of disappearance—but of deliberate suppression, renaming, and reclassification. From papal bulls to census codes, from colonial propaganda to COINTELPRO operations, Moorish identity has been systematically targeted and fragmented. This section exposes the mechanisms of erasure—legal, cultural, academic, and psychological—that disconnected millions from their sovereign Moorish heritage.

I. The End of Granada and the Rise of Religious Terrorism (1492–1609)

II. Colonial Reclassification: Moors Become Slaves, Mulattos, and “Negroes”

II. Colonial Reclassification: Moors Become Slaves, Mulattos, and “Negroes”

After the fall of Granada in 1492, Catholic Spain initiated the forced conversion, expulsion, and inquisition of Moors:

  • 1501–1526: Moriscos (Muslims who converted) were still persecuted, suspected of secretly practicing Islam
  • 1568–1571: The Alpujarras Rebellion crushed with mass executions and deportations
  • 1609–1614: Over 300,000 Moriscos were expelled, their lands and documents confiscated

Moorish nobility lost titles, estates, and protections—becoming “stateless” within their own ancestral domains. Many fled to North Africa, Italy, the Ottoman Empire, or the New World.

II. Colonial Reclassification: Moors Become Slaves, Mulattos, and “Negroes”

II. Colonial Reclassification: Moors Become Slaves, Mulattos, and “Negroes”

II. Colonial Reclassification: Moors Become Slaves, Mulattos, and “Negroes”

European colonial systems deliberately collapsed Moorish identity into generic slave labels:

  • “Moor” became a vague term for any dark-skinned Muslim or African
  • By the 1700s, “Moor” was phased out in official documents, replaced with:
    • Negro (slave classification)
    • Mulatto (mixed-race legal fiction)
    • Colored, “Blackamoor,” or just “Black”

Former Moorish elites—many of whom were literate, landowning, and noble—were stripped of legal status and absorbed into chattel slave economies across the Americas.

The Moorish nobleman became the plantation field-hand.

III. COINTELPRO, Disinformation, and the Silencing of MSTofA

II. Colonial Reclassification: Moors Become Slaves, Mulattos, and “Negroes”

IV. Juridical Erasure: Census Categories, Passport Codes, and Civil Status

In the 20th century, as Noble Drew Ali and the Moorish Science Temple of America (MSTofA) began reconnecting Moorish Americans to their sovereign identity, the U.S. government responded with infiltration and disruption:

  • FBI’s COINTELPRO monitored, destabilized, and discredited Moorish movements alongside the Nation of Islam, Black Panthers, and other sovereignty-based groups
  • Double agents and informants were inserted to create internal schisms
  • Moorish adherents were criminalized, dismissed as “radicals,” or misrepresented in the media
  • Educational erasure: Textbooks ignored the Moors entirely or painted them as medieval invaders

As we noted: “Same script, different actors—everything gets traced back to the Moor, then covered over.”

IV. Juridical Erasure: Census Categories, Passport Codes, and Civil Status

IV. Juridical Erasure: Census Categories, Passport Codes, and Civil Status

IV. Juridical Erasure: Census Categories, Passport Codes, and Civil Status

Modern identity systems continue the erasure:

  • U.S. Census removed “Moor” as a racial category, forcing self-identified Moors to select “Black,” “African-American,” or “Other”
  • Passports and IDs do not allow religious or sovereign affiliations outside state-sanctioned terms
  • Corporate law makes no room for Moorish trusts, dynasties, or tribal sovereignty—forcing assimilation into LLCs, 501(c)3s, or “fictional personhood”
  • Attempts to re-establish national Moorish jurisdictions (e.g., Moorish American Consulate) are surveilled, censored, or dismissed as pseudo-legal

The system recognizes the lineage—but denies the sovereignty.

V. Academic Suppression and Controlled Narratives

IV. Juridical Erasure: Census Categories, Passport Codes, and Civil Status

VI. Genetic Gaslighting: Suppressed Clades, Disconnected Clusters

Moorish influence is scrubbed from curricula worldwide:

  • Textbooks omit the 800-year rule of the Moors in Spain, or reduce it to “Islamic rule”
  • Moorish architecture, science, and law are credited to Greeks, Romans, or ‘Arabs’
  • Islamic contributions are taught without racial or geographic context, hiding the African and Semitic identities of scholars
  • DNA and genealogy platforms avoid tracing Moorish roots or labeling ancient remains as “Moorish”—opting for vague categories like “North African” or “Iberomaurusian”

Meanwhile, real artifacts sit in European museums mislabelled, or kept in storage without public access.

VI. Genetic Gaslighting: Suppressed Clades, Disconnected Clusters

IV. Juridical Erasure: Census Categories, Passport Codes, and Civil Status

VI. Genetic Gaslighting: Suppressed Clades, Disconnected Clusters

DNA companies often obscure or sanitize results related to:

  • Semitic haplogroups (J1, J2) tied to Moorish royal and tribal lineages
  • North African clusters (E-M81, E-M78) associated with Almoravids and Berber dynasties
  • Moorish women’s mtDNA lines (L3, U6, H1) from Andalusia, Maghreb, and Sudan
  • Middle Eastern origin lineages found in Afro-Latino, Gullah-Geechee, and Caribbean communities are rebranded as “Sub-Saharan” or “Unassigned”

Our own Royal DNA 2025 document confronts this directly—proving that ancestry has been disconnected from sovereignty by design.

VII. Why They Had to Hide the Moor

VII. Why They Had to Hide the Moor

VII. Why They Had to Hide the Moor

  • The Moor represents the bridge between Africa, Arabia, and Europe
  • The Moor held land, law, and legacy before the colonial matrix was installed
  • Recognizing the Moor means recognizing pre-Columbian sovereignty, undoing Western property claims, and restoring treaty-based nations
  • The Moor undermines the fiction of racial origin in both Black and White identity constructs
  • The Moor is the missing link in the global Semitic story—from Sumer to South Carolina

The Restoration of Moorish Sovereignty

“You cannot kill a nation. You can only disconnect it.”


What began as erasure has now become restoration. Across the East Coast, Midwest, Caribbean, and diaspora regions, Moorish peoples are reasserting their divine, dynastic, and diplomatic standing—not through revolution, but through juridical revelation. This section documents the revival of titles, treaties, trusts, and tribal law—charting the return of Moorish sovereignty from Noble Drew Ali to the modern heirs of Amexem.

I. From Temple to Trust: The Drew Ali Blueprint

II. Rise of Civic Restoration Movements: Taj Tarik Bey & Cozmo El

II. Rise of Civic Restoration Movements: Taj Tarik Bey & Cozmo El

Noble Drew Ali did not merely start a religious order—he revived a nation. His establishment of the Moorish Science Temple of America (MSTofA) included:

  • Adoption of a nationality card, identifying adherents as Moorish Americans—not Negroes or Blacks
  • Establishment of Divine Constitution & By-Laws, forming a de facto sovereign charter
  • Teaching the distinction between corporate U.S. citizenship and divine tribal standing
  • Publishing the Holy Koran of the Moorish Science Temple and other civic texts restoring Moorish jurisprudence
  • Encouraging unity among Beys, Els, and Alis—restoring dynastic identity and tribal surname rights

His 1928 death remains suspicious—but his infrastructure lives on.

II. Rise of Civic Restoration Movements: Taj Tarik Bey & Cozmo El

II. Rise of Civic Restoration Movements: Taj Tarik Bey & Cozmo El

II. Rise of Civic Restoration Movements: Taj Tarik Bey & Cozmo El

While the Temple fragmented after Drew Ali’s death, the knowledge never died. Two key figures carried the flame:

  • Taj Tarik Bey: A foundational architect of post-Temple Moorish civics, law, and sovereignty teachings. His lectures and texts—starting in the 1980s—revived:
    • The Moorish right to land and treaty enforcement
    • The use of writs, affidavits, and tribal seals in court
    • Study of jurisprudence, constitutional history, and international law
    • Alignment with UN declarations on Indigenous Rights and recognition of Moorish jurisdiction
  • Cozmo El: A practicing Muslim and scholar who emerged from the Temple and began publishing powerful refutations of legal fiction, dismantling Western contracts, and promoting the return of Moorish Islamic law based on the Quran, the Prophet, and classical fiqh. His works include:
    • The Zodiac Constitution
    • Numerous breakdowns of UCC, trust law, and sovereign identity construction

Together, they form the post-Temple vanguard: one civic, one spiritual, both uncompromising.

III. Treaties Still in Force: 1787 and Beyond

II. Rise of Civic Restoration Movements: Taj Tarik Bey & Cozmo El

IV. Restoration Through DNA and Dynastic Lineage

Moorish sovereignty never ceased—it was merely buried under paper. Several treaties remain recognized under international law, including:

  • Treaty of Peace and Friendship (1787) between Morocco and the U.S.
    • Reaffirmed in 1836
    • Recognized Moorish nationals as a protected people
    • Gave Moors juridical identity outside U.S. domestic law
  • George Washington’s Letter to the Moroccan Sultan
    • Acknowledges “good faith and friendship” between Moorish and American peoples
    • Confirms a standing diplomatic relationship

These documents are public record, sealed in the Library of Congress and U.S. Treaty series—and yet ignored by courts, schools, and media.

IV. Restoration Through DNA and Dynastic Lineage

V. Rebuilding Tribal Governments and Civil Structures

IV. Restoration Through DNA and Dynastic Lineage

Modern technology has confirmed what oral history already knew:

  • Moorish descendants carry distinct Semitic haplogroups—including J1, J2, E-M81, E-M78, and L lineages across the Atlantic world
  • Autosomal DNA connects Moorish Americans to North African, Iberian, Levantine, and Arabian lineages
  • Dynastic studies (as in your Royal DNA 2025 document) place modern Moors within the same genetic trees as Islamic, Hebrew, and Berber royalty

The tribe was never lost. Just mislabeled.

V. Rebuilding Tribal Governments and Civil Structures

V. Rebuilding Tribal Governments and Civil Structures

V. Rebuilding Tribal Governments and Civil Structures

Across the U.S. and diaspora, new Moorish nation-building projects are underway:

  • Tribal Councils issuing IDs, charters, and commercial paper
  • Trusts and holding companies used to restore inheritance rights and land claims
  • Formation of Moorish courts, mediation panels, and sovereign guilds
  • Integration with digital platforms and global sovereign networks

We, as a sovereign architect, have created an entire dynastic and tribal platform:

  • The Sun Village Tribal Government
  • SVSP (Sun Village Sovereign Press)
  • The Unified Royal Registry (URR®™)
  • 𒀭House Buhijji and the dynastic genealogy of Al-Uyaynah, Najd, Ifriqiya, Tamim, and Bahrain

We are not alone—but our execution is unmatched.

VI. International Alignments and UN Instruments

V. Rebuilding Tribal Governments and Civil Structures

V. Rebuilding Tribal Governments and Civil Structures

The UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP) affirms:

  • Right to self-determination
  • Right to tribal identity, language, and religion
  • Right to form own governments and institutions
  • Right to reclaim land, resources, and sacred objects

Moorish Americans, as an Indigenous Semitic people, qualify under multiple clauses. Your proclamations, trusts, and court filings are not pseudo-legal—they’re pre-legal, predating the United States and protected under international law.

VII. Sealing the Return: The Digital Renaissance

VII. Sealing the Return: The Digital Renaissance

VII. Sealing the Return: The Digital Renaissance

The final piece of the restoration is public archive and digital permanence. Through:

  • Platforms like mhm.holdings
  • PDFs of recovered texts (Zodiac Constitution, Moorish Literature, 101 Questions, The Red Book)
  • Forensic genealogies and sovereign declarations

We have created the largest integrated Moorish restoration archive in modern history.

Not merely a revival.

A resurrection.

Civilizations Continues ...

Contact Us

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contact@mhm.holdings +1 (212) 618 1700

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The Chancellery of 𒀭House Buhijji operates on a sovereign review schedule. All submissions are processed with care and discretion during designated registry hours, Monday through Thursday, 10:00 AM – 4:00 PM PST. Please allow up to 7 business days for formal review, acknowledgment, or scheduling of alliance consultations. Urgent matters or diplomatic correspondence should be clearly marked in the subject line.


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